What are the by-products in my cat's diet?

Amino acids, minerals, ash content... It can be hard to understand all the terms used in our cats' diets! To help you make sense of it, we've put together a little glossary to better understand the contents of your little companion's food bowl. Organ Meats There are two categories of organ meats: "noble" organs or red offal, and white offal (tripe, ears, and stomach). Among the noble organs, you'll find examples like beef tongue, liver, kidneys, or cheek. Noble organs are ideal for our cats as they have a high protein content. While these organs are considered fit for human consumption, the food industry doesn't value them for commercial reasons, which is why they are often used in pet food. Amino Acids Amino acids are essential macronutrients for bodily functions (immune system, growth, digestion, reproduction...) and for the structure (bones, skin, muscles, fur) of our little companions. Among the twenty amino acids commonly found, eleven are essential for cats: these are the essential amino acids. These include taurine, arginine, phenylalanine, methionine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, tryptophan, threonine, and histidine. To learn more about amino acids, don't hesitate to check out our article on taurine in cat food. Complete Food It's important to make a clear distinction between "complete food" and "complementary food". A complete food must cover all of the cat's nutritional needs for which it was formulated. You can feed it as the sole food to your cat, along with a bowl of fresh water. Complementary Food Unlike complete food, complementary food cannot be given as the only food because it doesn't cover all of our cats' nutritional needs. It is therefore useful to consult the manufacturer for the recommended daily quantities to ensure a balanced diet. Starch Starch is a "complex carbohydrate (sugar)". It generally comes from rice and corn and is always present in kibble, even grain-free ones because it is necessary for the extrusion process. In fact, starch is what gives kibble its light, crispy texture. Palatability Our little companions are very sensitive to the palatability of food. For example, the consistency, temperature, and smell of food strongly influence how much our cats accept it. Our cats, for example, prefer food at room temperature, ideally between 20°C and 35°C. Many cat food manufacturers have understood this and use sensory additives to modify the visual appearance (colorants) or organoleptic qualities (flavor enhancers) of the food. Strict Carnivore Our cats are what we call strict carnivores. That means they cannot do without meat in their diet. The fact is that our cats can only meet their nutritional needs through animal tissues. However, this does not mean they should eat only meat, as an "all-meat" diet is highly unbalanced and leads to many deficiencies. Animal Meals Animal meals in our cats' food are made from meat mechanically separated from the carcass. This meat-bone mixture is then processed into meal form. In lower-quality kibble, meals are richer in bones as it costs the manufacturer less. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are sometimes called "hydrates of carbon". They are substances made up of simple sugars. These sugars form molecules of varying complexity and properties. As strict carnivores, our cats' metabolism of carbohydrates differs from that of omnivores. Carbohydrates are non-essential in their diet. However, in small amounts, they can provide a good energy source, especially if the starch is properly cooked. Neophobia When faced with novelty in their food, your cat may be repelled. This is called neophobia. Neophobia often develops in older cats whose eating habits have become firmly established. It is also common in cats that haven't been exposed to a varied diet in the early weeks of life, as they tend to be more neophobic. Neophilia In contrast, some cats are attracted to novelty. For example, cats that have access to the outdoors tend to be neophilic. As mentioned above, what a kitten eats in the first few weeks of life, as well as the diet of its mother, will impact its food preferences. Minerals The term "minerals" refers to inorganic matter in your cat's food. There are macro-elements such as calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), and chloride (Cl). There are also trace elements present in smaller amounts, such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), iodine (I), and selenium (Se). Animal Proteins These are the fuel for our cats! They cannot do without them in their diet. However, not all animal proteins are the same! For example, elastin, collagen, and keratin have very low protein effectiveness due to their poor digestibility and amino acid imbalance. Plant proteins in our cats' food mostly come from cereal grains (wheat, rice, corn, barley). A cat with insufficient protein intake may end up in poor physical condition or have a dull coat. Ash Content This refers to the total amount of minerals in the food. The ash content should neither be too low nor too high. Too little or too much micronutrient intake can have long-term negative impacts. In food, the ash content can be a good indirect indicator of quality. There needs to be a minimum to meet requirements, but a high ash content indicates an excessive amount of carcass material. Dietary Transition We recommend dietary transition at Ziggy! The dietary transition is probably the best method to help your cat accept a new food. It involves gradually introducing a new food alongside their current diet. The goal is not to upset their digestive system. You can read our article to discover the steps and tips for a successful dietary transition. Mechanically Separated Meat (MSM) Mechanically Separated Meat (MSM) is a product "obtained by mechanically removing the meat from poultry bones or carcasses. After deboning, this product may contain bone, cartilage, or marrow residues, unlike minced meats or meats for mince". Are you an expert in feline nutrition? Test your knowledge with our quiz!

"Ashes in my cat's food, and what's next?!" We see you panicking! Don't worry, we're not talking about cigarette butts or charred paper, but about minerals found in our cats' food, which remain after the complete combustion of a food, hence the term "ashes". How is the ash content calculated? "Crude Ash", "Mineral Matter", or "Minerals": These three terms, which appear on the labels on the back of packaging, refer to the total amount of various minerals present in a food's composition. The mineral matter is mainly represented by calcium and phosphorus, but also contains sodium chloride, potassium, and magnesium. If a percentage of calcium and phosphorus is also listed, it is additional information, but they are already counted in the crude ash. The calculation of the ash content in a food is done in a laboratory. The food is heated to a very high temperature until completely burned. The remaining ashes are mainly composed of mineral matter that remains after this combustion. In short: it's what "remains" when the food has been entirely burned. What are the main minerals and trace elements? In the ash content, there are macroelements, which are present in relatively large quantities in the food, and trace elements, which are found in small quantities. The Macroelements calcium (Ca) phosphorus (P) potassium (K) sodium (Na) magnesium (Mg) chloride (Cl) The Trace Elements iron (Fe) zinc (Zn) manganese (Mn) copper (Cu) iodine (I) selenium (Se) What is the role of minerals in my cat's diet? Minerals and trace elements in our cats' food play a major role: They ensure the growth and maintenance of hard and soft tissues and also preserve tissue integrity. They help regulate biological and physiological processes of the cells. For example, calcium ensures the functioning of the nervous system, blood clotting, and muscle contraction... Iron guarantees the binding and transport of oxygen. They are essential for the production of enzymes and hormones. The ash content should not be too low or too high in your cat's food. Too low or, conversely, too high a micronutrient intake can have a negative long-term impact. We should be cautious about both underdosing and overdosing. Ash Content, an Indirect Indicator of Quality In a complete food, the crude ash content is a good indirect indicator of quality. A minimum amount is required to meet needs, but a very high amount indicates a high amount of carcass with bones. We aim for a crude ash percentage of 6 to 10% of dry matter. This means approximately 5.5 to 9% in dry food like kibble, or 1.25 to 2.5% in wet food like pâté. Avoid choosing foods with more than 12% crude ash (of dry matter). A food rich in ash (and therefore in carcasses or Mechanically Separated Meat) can lead to very hard white stools or even constipation. Example of the analytical composition of a well-balanced mineral food, Ziggy Sterilized Adult Cat Food - Grain-Free - Fish: Example of the analytical composition of a supermarket pâté with more than 2.5% crude ash: Crude protein 9.5% Crude fat 4% Crude fiber 0.8% Crude Ash 3% Moisture 82% Estimated carbohydrates 0.7% Does your cat suffer from urinary problems? Watch the ash content in their food If your little companion suffers from urinary issues, it will be important to pay attention to the "mineral matter" or "ashes" in their food. In a cat with urinary problems or kidney stones, the goal is to dilute urine through a wet food diet and avoid high mineral content, as these can aggregate into crystals and then stones. Choose food with a controlled and stable mineral composition (calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chloride, phosphorus). Choose food with less than 5% ash content of dry matter. This means less than 4.6% in kibble with around 8% moisture, or less than 1.1% in wet food with 78% moisture. Finally, don't forget that by choosing the right food for our cats, we can prevent certain diseases, keep them healthy, and avoid high vet bills. Are you a cat nutrition expert? Test your knowledge with our quiz!

When it comes to feeding your cat, everyone talks about proteins. But why are they so important? How can I tell if my cat is eating enough protein? Are high-protein kibbles and wet food better? Many questions, but often very few answers (or sometimes wrong ones). At Ziggy, we couldn’t leave you confused. We tell you everything in this article. 1. Why are proteins essential in my cat’s diet? In the family of carnivores, meet the cat! Your feline friend is a strict carnivore, meaning it cannot live healthily without animal proteins in its diet. A vegan cat does not exist! Or if it does, it’s a rabbit with tiny ears. These proteins are absolutely necessary because they provide the amino acids your cat needs to synthesize its own proteins. Simply put, once digested in the digestive tract, proteins release amino acids, which then enter the bloodstream. Depending on the organs’ needs, new proteins or amino acids are produced. Animal proteins are the source of the 11 essential amino acids necessary for your cat’s health. Among the roughly twenty common amino acids, 11 are essential for cats and must be provided through their diet. These include taurine, arginine, phenylalanine, methionine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, tryptophan, threonine, and histidine. All these micronutrients play a crucial role; they contribute to your cat’s proper bodily functions (immunity, growth, digestion, reproduction) and structure (bones, skin, muscles, fur). Without animal proteins – and thus without these amino acids – your cat would suffer severe deficiencies and would not live long by your side. Taurine deficiency, in particular, causes central retinal degeneration (irreversible blindness), immune dysfunction, and cardiomyopathy. A cat with insufficient protein intake may also show other clinical signs: neurological disorders (arginine, phenylalanine, threonine deficiency), weight loss or even anorexia (phenylalanine, methionine, leucine, valine, lysine, tryptophan, threonine, and histidine deficiency), poor coat quality such as greasy fur or dull fur (methionine, isoleucine deficiency). Minerals, lipids, and vitamins Be careful, your furry friend is indeed a strict carnivore, but cannot consume only proteins. It also needs other nutrients in its food. For good health, kitty must also get lipids (essential fatty acids), minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sodium, etc.), vitamins (especially B vitamins), and fibers necessary for good digestion. Fibers are provided, for example, by vegetables. A diet made solely of meat can also cause deficiencies. As explained in our article on common myths about feeding your cat, a cat deficient in calcium, for example, may have demineralized skeletons, easily fractured bones, a weaker spine, and over time, an abnormal S-shaped curvature. 2. What are my cat’s protein needs? And how do I know if my cat eats enough protein? Considering factors such as neutering, physical activity, and age, the estimated protein requirement for an adult cat is “between 5.2 and 6 grams of protein per kg of optimal body weight per day to maintain lean body mass,” explains Dr. Géraldine Blanchard, a feline nutrition specialist who formulated our Ziggy kibbles and delicious pâtés. This recommendation is supported by a study by Dr. Laflamme (2013). Note this need may increase in some cats, especially pregnant females and kittens. As caring cat parents, it’s not always easy to know if your little kitty is eating enough protein. One useful indicator is the protein-to-calorie ratio (PCR). This ratio measures the concentration of protein relative to the calories provided by the food, helping precisely estimate the amount of protein relative to the energy requirement. For our cats, whose protein needs are estimated between 5.2 and 6 grams per kg of optimal weight, the ideal PCR should be above: 75 g/mCal for an intact (active) cat 87 g/mCal for a neutered or sedentary cat 100 g/mCal for a neutered and sedentary cat Our Ziggy adult cat pâtés for neutered cats, for example, have a PCR of 109.8 g/mCal. The pâtés for intact adult cats have a PCR of 83.3 g/mCal. Unfortunately, this protein-to-calorie ratio is not always indicated on cat (and dog) food packaging. How to calculate the protein-to-calorie ratio (PCR)? The formula is: % crude protein / Metabolizable Energy (ME) x 1000 For example, a pâté for neutered adult cats sold in supermarkets: Crude protein: 7.6% Metabolizable Energy (ME): 73 kcal/100g Calculation: 7.6 / 73 x 1000 = 104 g/mCal However, don’t rely 100% on the PCR. This ratio is quantitative, not qualitative! It does not provide any information about the quality of proteins used in your cat’s kibble or pâté. Pssst: Not sure how much kibble and pâté to give your cat? Feel free to use our calculator. How to calculate the protein-to-calorie ratio (PCR)? The formula is as follows: % crude protein / Metabolizable Energy (ME) x 1000 Let's take the example of a wet food for sterilized adult cats sold in supermarkets. Crude protein: 7.6% Metabolizable Energy (ME): 73 kcal/100 g This gives: 7.6 / 73 x 1000 = 104 g/mCal However, you should not rely 100% on the PCR. This ratio is quantitative, not qualitative! It does not give you any indication of the quality of proteins used in your whiskered friend's kibble or wet food. Pssst: Don't know how much kibble and wet food to give your cat? Feel free to use our ration calculator 😻. It also tells you your cat's energy needs (Kcal/day), based on age, weight, and activity. 3. My cat's kibble and/or wet food shows a high protein content. Is that good? A high protein content seems reassuring at first. But beware, it can be misleading! Know that most wet cat foods do not contain noble offal or real muscle pieces, but rather reconstituted meat (a mix of animal and plant proteins), mechanically separated meat (MSM), or animal meals. What is mechanically separated meat (MSM)? Let's refer back to our little glossary. It is a product "obtained by removing, using mechanical means, meat from poultry bones or carcasses. Obtained after deboning, this product may contain bone, cartilage or marrow residues, unlike minced meat or ground meat." And what about animal meals? These are obtained from mechanically separated meat. The mixture of carcass and meat is then ground into meals. A high protein content therefore does not mean much. There is no benefit to giving your cat a protein-rich food if it actually contains carcass or collagen. Especially since these proteins provide no nutritional benefit to your little cat! By ingesting these proteins, your whiskered friend will not use them for metabolism. Even his small body does not find them of sufficient quality! Amino acids will be eliminated through urine, and the more your cat consumes these proteins, the more it will strain its kidneys. This can lead to chronic kidney disease in the long term. The PCR also shows that a high protein content means nothing by itself. Let's take the example of two dry foods for sterilized adult cats with the same protein content: Food A: Crude protein: 35% Metabolizable Energy: 350 kcal/100 g Food B: Crude protein: 35% Metabolizable Energy: 400 kcal/100 g PCR of Food A: 100 g/mCal PCR of Food B: 87.5 g/mCal For a sterilized adult cat, Food A is closer to its needs. Animal proteins vs plant proteins Also watch out for plant proteins. For economic reasons, many manufacturers use them. Recall that animal proteins mainly come from meat, offal, fish, and eggs. Plant proteins mostly come from cereal grains (wheat, rice, corn, barley) and legume seeds (peas, soy). Unlike animal proteins, plant proteins do not provide all essential amino acids. They cannot meet our cats' needs. Taurine and arginine are notably absent from plant sources. As we have seen: a deficient cat risks serious health problems. 4. How to check the quality of proteins used in my cat's food? The quality of ANIMAL proteins is fundamental to keeping your little cat healthy. To check the quality of proteins used, some indicators can help you make the right choice. Know that protein quality depends on their ability to provide essential amino acids to cats. In feline nutrition, it is the protein/phosphorus ratio or protein-to-phosphorus ratio (PPR) of the food that gives clues about the quality of proteins used in manufacturing. High-quality protein sources, or with high biological value (percentage of protein retained by the body), have a high ratio (above 35). These include fish, meat, eggs, and offal. Conversely, very low-quality protein sources (low biological value) have a low protein/phosphorus ratio (below 25). This is the case with cereals, carcasses, and bones. Since phosphorus is mainly found in bones, a low PPR shows that a large amount of carcass or bone has been added in your cat's kibble or wet food. How to calculate the protein-to-phosphorus ratio (PPR)? To determine this ratio, simply divide the crude protein percentage by the phosphorus percentage. For example, if your cat's wet food has 10% crude protein and 0.41% phosphorus, that makes 24.3. Not great... One problem: few manufacturers list phosphorus content on their products. This information is not mandatory. They have every right not to show it. In this case, you can rely on the ash content, which is mandatory under European regulations. This value indicates the amount of minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, etc.) present in your cat's food after complete combustion. To calculate it, the food is entirely burned. The residue is the crude ash content, which you can find in the analytical constituents on the back of the package or can. Ash content is an indirect quality indicator. The higher it is, the more carcass has been added. Note however that minerals, including phosphorus, remain essential for our cats. They ensure growth and maintenance of hard and soft tissues, and the production of enzymes and hormones. It's all about balance. In wet food, for example, one looks for crude ash content between 1.25% and 2.5% for a healthy adult cat. 5. What about proteins at Ziggy? At Ziggy, quality is our motto. In our wet foods for cats, you will not find MSM, animal meals, or reconstituted meat. We only use animal proteins from muscle and noble offal of great nutritional richness, highly digestible for our cats. All our recipes are formulated by Dr. Géraldine Blanchard, a world-renowned feline nutrition expert. We assure you she is very meticulous! Every ingredient has been checked and analyzed by her. Our wet and dry foods (grain-free) meet the nutritional needs of all cats. The first ingredient in each recipe is always an animal protein source (+50%). To learn more, feel free to check our ingredient list. We are fully transparent 😺 Another advantage: our foods are also low in carbohydrates. Our wet foods contain less than 2% carbohydrates. They also do not contain cereals, tubers, or legumes. Carbohydrates are indeed another factor to consider when choosing your cat's food. And rightly so: our cats are not adapted to digest, absorb, and metabolize large amounts of carbohydrates. High consumption can also cause overweight, and it has been suggested that foods too rich in carbohydrates may increase insulin secretion demand and thus predispose to diabetes mellitus. We explain more in our article on carbohydrates in your cat's food. 6. (Bonus). Can a cat be allergic to proteins? Many of you wonder about this. Although essential, some specific proteins found in beef, chicken, fish, or cereals may be poorly tolerated by some cats. Food allergies are quite rare in our furry friends but do exist. They can manifest as vomiting, digestive disorders, itching, or ear infections. These signs can also indicate other diseases. If you have any doubt, consult your veterinarian to determine if it is an allergy or another illness. If so, your vet will help you conduct an exclusion diet for your cat. This involves excluding one by one the proteins most commonly responsible for allergic reactions in cats.